The Condemnation of Anger, Malice, and Envy
Volume 3: Things That Destroy
The text under review defines anger as a "spark of fire" hidden in the depths of the heart. When anger is not controlled, it turns into malice (hiqd), and malice into envy—the enemy of property and blessings. These three emotions are fundamental vices that destroy not only the individual's spirituality but also social bonds and justice. The document not only reveals the reality of these emotions; it also offers a comprehensive guide on how these ailments may be treated through spiritual discipline (riyāḍa), knowledge, and action. The fundamental conclusion is that spiritual maturity lies not in physical strength but in being able to master the soul at the moment of anger.
Summary
The text under review defines anger as a "spark of fire" hidden in the depths of the heart.
Sections
A. The Reality of Anger (*Gadab*) and Its Categories
Anger is a power placed in man's nature to protect him from external dangers. However, the use of this power is divided into three degrees:
- Excess (Ifrāṭ): A state in which reason and religion lose control. It makes a person "blind and deaf"; it binds spiritual insight. In this state, a person neither heeds counsel nor can see what is right.
- Deficiency (Tafrit): The absence or weakness of the power of anger and zeal. This state is censured in religion; it is described as "asinity" or "lack of zeal." The "valor" required to protect sacred values is lacking at this point.
- Moderation (Iʿtidāl): Anger waiting for the sign of reason and religion. It is anger that rises when necessary and subsides when not needed—this is the "straight path."
B. Malice (*Hiqd*) and Its Consequences
When anger is not immediately quenched through revenge, it flows inward and turns into malice. Malice is a persistent hatred and heaviness settled in the heart. According to the text, malice produces these eight evil consequences: 1. Envy (wishing for the loss of blessings). 2. Schadenfreude (rejoicing at one's enemy's affliction). 3. Estrangement (quarreling and distancing oneself). 4. Contempt (looking down upon). 5. Lying and backbiting. 6. Mockery. 7. Harm (physical attack). 8. Denial of Rights (oppression).
C. The Destructive Power of Envy
Envy is the most poisonous fruit of malice. The text defines envy as "resenting God's apportionment and decree."
- Envy vs. Emulation (Ghibṭa): Envy is wishing for blessings to leave another person (forbidden). Emulation (ghibṭa / competitive emulation) is desiring to have the like of a blessing without wishing for its destruction (may be obligatory or recommended in religious matters).
- The Paradox of Envy: The envious person does not harm the one envied; rather, he sends his own good deeds to that person and lives in unending sorrow in this world.
Conclusion and Evaluation
The document reveals that man's greatest enemy is not outside but within—the uncontrolled emotions of anger and envy. The treatment of these ailments is possible only through "being content with God's apportionment" and "being occupied with one's own deficiencies." Remaining calm at the moment of anger prevents its turning into malice, and rejoicing at another's blessings are not merely individual peace but fundamental pillars that ensure the welfare of society.
Key concepts
- Degree
- Definition
- Tafrit
- The absence or excessive weakness of the power of anger.
- Ifrat
- Anger exceeding the limits of reason and religion; loss of self-control.
- I'tidal
- Anger acting according to the sign of reason and religion.
- Biological Effect
- At the moment of anger, the blood of the heart boils and spreads through the veins; this manifests as redness in the face and bloodshot eyes.
- Connection with Satan
- Satan, created from fire, approaches man through anger, which is of a fiery nature. According to the text, if anger prevails, man's bond with Satan strengthens.
Study questions
How did the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) define the true "champion"?
The true champion is not the one who throws his opponent to the ground, but the one who can master his soul at the moment of anger.
What are the evil consequences of anger in the heart?
When anger is suppressed, it accumulates inwardly and turns into malice; malice in turn gives rise to envy.
What physical remedies are recommended at the moment of anger?
If standing, sit down; if sitting, lie down (draw near to the ground); say "Aʿūdhu billāh..."; and perform ablution with cold water (extinguishing fire with water).
What is the fundamental difference between "emulation" (*ghibṭa*) and "envy"?
Envy is wishing for another person's blessing to be lost; emulation is desiring to have the like of that blessing without wishing for its destruction.
According to Wahb b. Munabbih, what are the four pillars of disbelief?
Anger, lust, foolishness, and greed.